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O;atu dks fuEufyf[kr rhu vkèkkjksa ij oxhZo`Qr fd;k x;k gSµ
O;atu

mPpvkjk.èkkkjLFikkju osQ mvPpkèkkjkj.kiojsQ Lojo&sQrafv=k;k/ksakjesaidj aiu

(d) mPpkj.k LFkku osQ vkèkkj ij (On the Basis of Point of Articulation)µ mPpkj.k LFkku dh n`f"V ls O;atuksa osQ rhu
Hksn gSaµ
(i) Li'kZ O;atu (Mute Consonants)µ ^Li'kZ* dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gSµ^Nwuk*A ftu o.kks± osQ mPPkkj.k osQ le; gok eq[k osQ fofHkUu
Hkkxksa] tSlsµ oaQB] rkyq] ewèkkZ] nk¡r ;k gksBksa dks Li'kZ djrs gq, eq[k ls ckgj fudyrh gS] mUgsa Li'kZ O;atu dgrs gSaA ^o~Q* ls
^e~* rd Li'kZ O;atuksa osQ 5 oxZ gSaA budh la[;k 25 gSA
(ii) var%LFk O;atu (Semi Consonants)µ ^var%LFk* dk vFkZ gSµ Loj
vkSj O;atu osQ chp esa fLFkrA budk mPpkj.k thHk] rkyq] nk¡r vkSj O;atu oxZ O;atu
gksBksa osQ fudV vkus ls gksrk gS] ¯drq 'okl esa #dkoV de gksrh gSA doxZ o~Q [k~ x~ ?k~ Ä~
;s pkj gSaµ ;~] j~] y~ vkSj o~A poxZ p~ N~ t~ >~ ×k~

(iii) Å"e O;atu (Sibilant Consonants)µ ftu O;atuksa osQ mPpkj.k VoxZ V~ B~ M~ <~ .k~

esa gok eq[k osQ fo'ks"k Hkkxksa dks Li'kZ djus osQ dkj.k xeZ gks tkrh roxZ r~ Fk~ n~ èk~ u~
gS] mUgsa Å"e O;atu dgrs gSaA ;g Hkh la[;k esa pkj gksrs gSaµ 'k~] ioxZ i~ i~Q c~ Hk~ e~
"k~] l~] g~A
([k) mPpkj.k osQ vkèkkj ij (On the Basis of Pronunciation)µ
(i) vYiizk.k O;atu (Unaspirated Consonants)µ ftu O;atu o.kks± dk mPpkj.k djrs le; 'okl ok;q de ek=kk esa ckgj
fudyrh gS] os vYiizk.k O;atu dgykrs gSaA ;s O;atu gSaµ o~Q] x~] Ä~_ p~] t~] ×k~_ V~] M]~ .k~] M~+_ r~] n~] u~_ i~] c~] e~ rFkk ;~] j~]
y~] o~A
(ii) egkizk.k O;atu (Aspirated Consonants)µ ftu o.kks± dk mPpkj.k djrs le; ok;q vfèkd ek=kk esa ckgj fudyrh gS] mUgsa
egkizk.k O;atu dgrs gSaA ;s O;atu gSaµ [k~] ?k~_ N~] >~_ B~] <~] <~+_ Fk~] èk~_ i~Q] Hk~ rFkk 'k~] "k~] l~] g~A
o.kks± osQ mPpkj.k LFkku (Points of Articulation)

dBksj rkyq dksey rkyq oaQB ls µ o~Q] [k~] x~] ?k~] Ä~] g~A
dkSok (vfyftg~ok)
ew/kZ vks"B ls µ i~] i~Q] c~] Hk~] e~A
oRlZ
rkyq ls µ p~] N~] t~] >~] ×k~] ;~] 'k~A
nk¡r nk¡r&vks"B ls µ c~] I+k~QA
gksaB ewèkkZ ls µ V~] B~] M~] <~] .k~] M+~] <+~] "k~A
nk¡rksa ls µ r~] Fk~] n~] èk~] u~A
thHk Loj ra=k
'okl uyh oRlZ (elwM+k) ls µ l~] ”k~] j~] y~A

(x) Loj&raf=k;ksa esa oaQiu osQ vkèkkj ij (On the Basis of Vibration of Vocal Cords)µ
(i) v?kks"k (Unvoiced)µ ftu èofu;ksa dk mPpkj.k djrs le; Loj&raf=k;ksa esa oaQiu mRiUu ugha gksrh] mUgsa v?kks"k dgrs gSaA lHkh
oxks± osQ izFke vkSj n~forh; o.kZ (o~Q] [k~] p~] N~] V~] B~] r~] Fk~] i~] i~Q) rFkk 'k~] "k~] l~ o.kZ v?kks"k gSaA ;s la[;k esa 13 gSaA

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